Left ventricular global transcriptional profiling in human end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy.

We employed ABI high-density oligonucleotide microarrays containing 31,700 sixty-mer probes (representing 27,868 annotated human genes) to determine differential gene expression in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We identified 626 up-regulated and 636 down-regulated genes in DCM compared to controls. Most significant changes occurred in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, angiogenesis, and apoptotic signaling pathways, among which 32 apoptosis- and 13 MAPK activity-related genes were altered. Inorganic cation transporter, catalytic activities, energy metabolism and electron transport-related processes were among the most critically influenced pathways. Among the up-regulated genes were HTRA1 (6.9-fold), PDCD8(AIFM1) (5.2) and PRDX2 (4.4) and the down-regulated genes were NR4A2 (4.8), MX1 (4.3), LGALS9 (4), IFNA13 (4), UNC5D (3.6) and HDAC2 (3) (p<0.05), all of which have no clearly defined cardiac-related function yet. Gene ontology and enrichment analysis also revealed significant alterations in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, metabolism and Alzheimer's disease pathways. Concordance was also confirmed for a significant number of genes and pathways in an independent validation microarray dataset. Furthermore, verification by real-time RT-PCR showed a high degree of consistency with the microarray results. Our data demonstrate an association of DCM with alterations in various cellular events and multiple yet undeciphered genes that may contribute to heart muscle disease pathways.