Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Ribes nigrum L. Leaf Extracts Prepared in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDESs).

BACKGROUND: Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves are valuable sources of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. OBJECTIVES: The overall aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial potential of extracts rich in bioactive compounds from blackcurrant leaves prepared in natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs). The objectives included the optimization of polyphenols extraction in NaDESs, characterization of the phytochemical composition by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), explanation of the chemical interactions between solvent systems and the main bioactive compound (chlorogenic acid) by molecular dynamics simulations, and evaluation of biological efficacy through antimicrobial tests. METHODS: Two hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBAs) and three hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs) were tested. The experimental design included variables such as the HBA:HBD molar ratio, water percentage, extraction time, and extraction techniques used, specifically ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultra-turrax extraction (UTE). The evaluated responses included the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and total antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial assays were performed on four Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacterial species, as well as one fungus, Candida albicans. RESULTS: The extracts obtained by UAE showed higher concentrations of polyphenols and increased antioxidant potential. LC-MS analysis revealed the predominant presence of chlorogenic acid. The extracts showed significant activities against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of blackcurrant leaves extracts prepared in NaDESs, confirming that this type of solvent enhances polyphenols extraction and offers perspectives for new therapeutic formulations.