Voltammetric Sensor Based on SeO(2) Nanoparticles and Surfactants for Indigo Carmine Determination.

Indigo carmine is a widely used colorant in the food and pharmaceutical industry a high concentration of which can lead to a wide range of negative effects on human health. Therefore, colorant contents have to be strictly controlled. SeO(2)-nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) have been developed as a voltammetric sensor for indigo carmine. Various types and concentrations of surfactants have been used as reagents for the stabilization of SeO(2) nanoparticle dispersions and as electrode surface co-modifiers. An amount of 1.0 mM cationic cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) provides the best response of the indigo carmine on the modified electrode. The electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SeO(2) nanoparticle-CPB-modified electrodes show 4.2-fold higher electroactive area vs. GCE as well as a dramatic 5043-fold decrease in the electron transfer resistance indicating effectivity of the modifier developed. The surface-controlled electrooxidation of indigo carmine proceeds irreversibly (α(a) = 0.46) with the participation of two electrons and two protons. A linear dynamic range of 0.025-1.0 and 1.0-10 µM of indigo carmine were obtained with the detection and quantification limits of 4.3 and 14.3 nM, respectively. The practical applicability of the sensor was successfully shown on the pharmaceutical dosage forms.