Regional and Urban-Scale Environmental Influences of Oceanic DMS Emissions over Coastal China Seas.

Marine biogenic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an important natural source of sulfur in the atmosphere, which may play an important role in air quality. In this study, the WRF-CMAQ model is employed to assess the impact of DMS on the atmospheric environment at the regional scale of eastern coastal China and urban scale of Shanghai in 2017. A national scale database of DMS concentration in seawater is established based on the historical DMS measurements in the Yellow Sea, the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea in different seasons during 2009~2017. Results indicate that the sea-to-air emission flux of DMS varies greatly in different seasons, with the highest in summer, followed by spring and autumn, and the lowest in winter. The annual DMS emissions from the Yellow Sea, the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea are 0.008, 0.059, and 0.15 Tg S a(-1), respectively. At the regional scale, DMS emissions increase atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and sulfate (SO42-) concentrations over the East China seas by a maximum of 8% in summer and a minimum of 2% in winter, respectively. At the urban scale, the addition of DMS emissions increase the SO(2) and SO42- levels by 2% and 5%, respectively, and reduce ozone (O(3)) in the air of Shanghai by 1.5%~2.5%. DMS emissions increase fine-mode ammonium particle concentration distribution by 4% and 5%, and fine-mode nss- SO42- concentration distributions by 4% and 9% in the urban and marine air, respectively. Our results indicate that although anthropogenic sources are still the dominant contributor of atmospheric sulfur burden in China, biogenic DMS emissions source cannot be ignored.