Immunogenic Tumor Cell Death Induced by Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: An Immunohistochemical Analysis.

AIM: To investigate immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and its impact on survival outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who underwent radical cystectomy (RC). METHODS: This study included 45 patients with MIBC who underwent RC with (n = 25) or without NAC (n = 20). Induction of ICD in MIBC was assessed by comparing immunohistochemical analyses of two ICD-related proteins, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and calreticulin, between transurethral resection (TUR) and matched RC specimens. Clinicopathologic data, including the upregulation of ICD-related proteins, were correlated with survival outcomes after RC. RESULTS: Upregulation of HMGB1 and calreticulin from TUR to matched RC specimens was observed in 11 (44%) and 12 (48%) of 25 NAC-treated patients, respectively, whereas it was detected in only two (8%) and one (4%) patients without NAC (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). Upregulation of HMGB1 was significantly associated with longer cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). Upregulation of HMGB1 and histological subtype (P = 0.03 and P = 0.05, respectively) were independent prognostic factors for CSS. Furthermore, among NAC-treated patients with recurrent disease, upregulation of HMGB1 tended to correlate with a better response to subsequent immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and longer survival (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that platinum-based NAC induces ICD in MIBC. Upregulation of HMGB1 may serve as a marker of chemotherapy-induced ICD and as a potential prognostic biomarker after RC.