Abstract
In 2005, a national pilot harm reduction program (PHRP), which mainly included a methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) and a needle/syringe exchange program (NSP), was implemented in Taiwan. We conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of harm reduction measures on HIV control among injecting drug users (IDUs) between PHRP and nonPHRP. The data on HIV, collected from incumbent Taiwanese authorities, were analyzed for their associations, risk and protective factors with PHRP measures. While the monthly HIV incidences did not show significant differences before and after PHRP in the four areas with PHRP (Taipei City, Taipei County, Taoyuan County and Tainan County), a significant increase in the HIV incidence was found in the 21 areas without PHRP. Hence, the implementation of the PHRP did result in a significant difference in the monthly HIV incidence between areas with and without the PHRP. Mandatory HIV testing was significantly associated with the HIV incidence according to the generalized estimation equations (GEE) model. With adjustments of time period and area with PHRP, and urban area, protective factors associated with HIV incidence were: educational materials, condoms, dilution water, and alcohol sponges/swabs. MMTP contributed to a higher HIV incidence, probably due to the concurrent HIV testing upon admission. Since HIV testing was not required in the NSP, the HIV testing-dependent MMTP may explain the association of the PHRP intervention and an increased HIV incidence. In summary, HIV testing and education were essential for effective HIV control upon implementing the PHRP.