Abstract
The study of radiation-induced bystander effects in normal human cells maintained in three-dimensional (3D) architecture provides more in vivo-like conditions and is relevant to human risk assessment. Linear energy transfer, dose and dose rate have been considered as critical factors in propagating radiation-induced effects. This investigation uses an in vitro 3D tissue culture model in which normal AG1522 human fibroblasts are grown in a carbon scaffold to investigate induction of a G(1) arrest in bystander cells that neighbor radiolabeled cells. Cell cultures were co-pulse-labeled with [(3)H]deoxycytidine ((3)HdC) to selectively irradiate a minor fraction of cells with 1-5 keV/microm beta particles and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to identify the radiolabeled cells using immunofluorescence. The induction of a G(1) arrest was measured specifically in unlabeled cells (i.e. bystander cells) using a flow cytometry-based version of the cumulative labeling index assay. To investigate the relationship between bystander effects and adaptive responses, cells were challenged with an acute 4 Gy gamma-radiation dose after they had been kept under the bystander conditions described above for several hours, and the regulation of the radiation-induced G(1) arrest was measured selectively in bystander cells. When the average dose rate in (3)HdC-labeled cells (<16% of population) was 0.04-0.37 Gy/h (average accumulated dose 0.14-10 Gy), no statistically significant stressful bystander effects or adaptive bystander effects were observed as measured by magnitude of the G(1) arrest, micronucleus formation, or changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Higher dose rates and/or higher LET may be required to observe stressful bystander effects in this experimental system, whereas lower dose rates and challenge doses may be required to detect adaptive bystander responses.