Abstract
PURPOSE: Needle tracking using external prediction techniques such as optical tracking is a modern approach aimed at improving implantation accuracy in gynecologic brachytherapy. This study aims to investigate the corresponding impact of needle bending in situ and to analyze needle path deviations from the intended locations occurring in our current clinical workflow that only considers ultrasound imaging without tracking. METHODS: We developed a semi-automated approach for reconstructing brachytherapy needles based on planning CTs and compared the respective accuracy to the also determined intra-observer variability of manual reconstructions. Based on this, we measured needle bending in situ for 89 patients and calculated the Euclidean distances between actual needle tips and needle tip predictions both longitudinally and laterally to the insertion direction. Furthermore, we compared actual and intended spacings between inserted needles to estimate implantation uncertainties with respect to our current clinical workflow. RESULTS: Our developed reconstruction featured an accuracy of 0.17 ± 0.08 mm, which was improved compared to the intra-observer variability of 0.21 ± 0.11 mm. Needle bending depended strongly on needle length and ranged from 3.6 ± 2.1 mm for 100-120 mm needles up to 7.9 ± 3.0 mm for 200-220 mm needles. Deflections in the transverse direction were substantially higher than tip deviations in the longitudinal direction. Furthermore, we found deviations from an equidistant spacing between needle paths of 1.4 ± 1.2 mm in the transverse direction. CONCLUSION: Inserting brachytherapy needles can be substantially affected by transverse needle bending in situ, which should therefore be corrected for in prediction approaches such as optical tracking.