Abstract
Background: The mechanisms of the increased plasma xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity in outpatients with cardiovascular disease were unclear. Methods and Results: A total of 372 outpatients were screened, and 301 outpatients with cardiovascular disease were prospectively analyzed. Blood samples were collected from patients who visited a daily cardiovascular outpatient clinic. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) were significantly more likely to be classified into the high-XOR group (≥100 pg/h/mL; 50%) than the low-XOR group (<100 pmol/h/mL; 28.7%). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, DM (OR, 2.683; 95% CI: 1.441-4.996) was independently associated with high plasma XOR activity in all cohorts. In the diabetic cardiovascular disease patients (n=100), median body mass index (BMI) in the high-XOR group (28.0 kg/m(2); IQR, 25.2-29.4 kg/m(2), n=32) was significantly higher than in the low-XOR group (23.6 kg/m(2); IQR, 21.2-25.7 kg/m(2), n=68), and BMI was independently associated with high plasma XOR activity (OR, 1.340; 95% CI: 1.149-1.540). Plasma hydrogen peroxide was significantly higher in DM patients with high plasma XOR activity and obesity (>22 kg/m(2)) than in other patients. Conclusions: DM with obesity is one of the mechanisms of XOR enhancement in cardiovascular disease. The increase of XOR is a possible pathway for the production of reactive oxygen species in obese cardiovascular disease patients with DM.