Abstract
Date kernel is a plant-derived byproduct that has the potential to be converted into a high-value-added food ingredient, such as protein concentrate, in the food industry. Ultrasound, which is an alternative method for improving the functional properties of food proteins, is an effective physical treatment for modifying protein functionality. Solubility is the main criterion that primarily affects other functional properties of protein concentrates, such as emulsification, foaming, and water and oil binding. The aim of this study is to enhance the techno-functional performance of date seed protein concentrate (DSPC) by maximizing the solubility via a high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) treatment at a fixed frequency of 20 kHz. The effect of ultrasonic homogenization under varying amplitudes and times (amplitude of 40, 60, and 80% for 5, 10, and 15 min, respectively) on the functional properties of the DSPC was investigated by using the response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (FC-CCD) revealed that the optimal process conditions of HIUS were at an amplitude of 80% for 15 min. The physicochemical and functional properties of the ultrasound-applied concentrate (DSPC-US) were determined under the optimum HIUS conditions, and then these properties of DSPC-US were compared to the native DSPC. The results showed that the solubility of all DSPC samples treated by HIUS was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the native DSPC. In addition, emulsion activity/stability, foaming activity/stability, and oil-binding capacity increased after HIUS homogenization treatments, whereas the water-binding capacity decreased. These changes in the techno-functional properties of the DSPC-US were explained by the modification to the physicochemical structure of the DSPC (particle size, zeta potential, SDS-PAGE, SEM, FTIR, DSC, free SH content, surface hydrophobicity, and intrinsic emission). This work revealed that HIUS could be an effective treatment for enhancing the functional properties of date seed protein concentrate.