Abstract
Fatty acids extracted from the Halocynthia aurantium gonad (HAGF) were shown to be primarily composed of the highest concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at 41% and 17% of total fatty acids, respectively. In the present study, HAGF were examined for their immunostimulant and anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophage cells. HAGF were found to significantly boost nitric oxide (NO) production and increase the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 was up-regulated by the stimulation of RAW264.7 cells with HAGF. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated the macrophages, they also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity via decreasing NO production and immune-related gene expression, Cluster of differentiation (CD) 86 expression, and protein levels in the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways. Overall, these results indicate that HAGF exert immune-modulatory effects in macrophages.