Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex, life-threatening condition characterized by high mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life. Despite studies of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapies, the rate of HF hospitalization is still increasing due to the growing and aging population and an increase in obesity in relatively younger individuals. It remains a predominant issue in the public health and the global economic burden. Current research has focused on how HF affects the entire range of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), especially the three HF subgroups. This review provides a latest overview of pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies of these three subgroups (HF with preserved ejection fraction, HF with reduced ejection fraction, and HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction). We summarize conventional therapies, investigate novel strategies, and explore the new technologies such as aortic thoracic stimulation and interatrial shunting devices.