Abstract
Accurate measurement of energy intake (EI) is important for estimation of energy balance, and, correspondingly, body weight dynamics. Traditional measurements of EI rely on self-report, which may be inaccurate and underestimate EI. The imperfections in traditional methodologies such as 24-hour dietary recall, dietary record, and food frequency questionnaire stipulate development of technology-driven methods that rely on wearable sensors and imaging devices to achieve an objective and accurate assessment of EI. The aim of this research was to systematically review and examine peer-reviewed papers that cover the estimation of EI in humans, with the focus on emerging technology-driven methodologies. Five major electronic databases were searched for articles published from January 2005 to August 2017: Pubmed, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, ACM library, and Google Scholar. Twenty-six eligible studies were retrieved that met the inclusion criteria. The review identified that while the current methods of estimating EI show promise, accurate estimation of EI in free-living individuals presents many challenges and opportunities. The most accurate result identified for EI (kcal) estimation had an average accuracy of 94%. However, collectively, the results were obtained from a limited number of food items (i.e., 19), small sample sizes (i.e., 45 meal images), and primarily controlled conditions. Therefore, new methods that accurately estimate EI over long time periods in free-living conditions are needed.