Abstract
AIMS: Recording and analysing impedance fluctuation along the cardiac cycle in the right (RV) and left ventricles (LV). METHODS AND RESULTS: During a biventricular (BiV) implantation procedure, impedance was sequentially derived between the atrial ring electrode and either electrode (tip or ring) of the RV lead [transvalvular impedance (TVI)], and between the atrial ring and either the tip or ring electrode of a coronary sinus lead, positioned in a cardiac vein [left ventricle impedance (LVI)]. The LVI signal was also recorded by the implanted pacemaker at the 1 day and 3 months follow-ups. With intrinsic conduction, TVI showed an average increase of 53 +/- 29 ohm during ventricular systole, whereas at the same time, LVI decreased by 45 +/- 21 ohm (25 and 23 patients, respectively, out of 28 tested cases). Transvalvular impedance and LVI displayed a similar time course, which appeared to be related to the systolic timing in the RV and LV. Both LVI amplitude and duration decreased as a function of the cardiac rate. The LVI deflection started immediately after LV stimulation, and often anticipated the R-wave sensing after contralateral pacing. At the 3-month follow-up, LVI amplitude was decreased in 70% of cases and increased in the remainder, with a non-significant average change of -5 +/- 85% with respect to the acute recordings. CONCLUSION: Transvalvular impedance properties are consistent with the assumption of an inverse relationship with RV volume. Though LVI requires a different physical interpretation, the waveform duration might reflect the timing of LV myocardial contraction. In this hypothesis, the relationship between TVI and LVI could provide insight into the effects of BiV pacing on mechanical synchronization.