Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality amongst women. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 is encoded by the CCL4 gene; specific CCL4 gene polymorphisms are related to the risks and prognoses of various diseases. In this study, we examined whether CCL4 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predict the risk and progression of breast cancer. Between 2014 and 2016, we recruited 314 patients diagnosed with breast cancer and a cohort of 209 healthy participants (controls) without a history of cancer. Genotyping of the CCL4 rs1634507, rs10491121 and rs1719153 SNPs revealed no significant between-group differences for these polymorphisms. However, amongst luminal A and luminal B subtypes, compared with patients with the AA genotype, those carrying the AG genotype at SNP rs10491121 were less likely to develop lymph node metastasis. In addition, compared with AA carriers, those carrying the AG + GG genotype at SNP rs10491121 were at lower risk of developing distant metastasis, while the presence of the AT genotype at SNP rs1719153 increased the likelihood of pathologic grade (G3 or G4) disease. Variations in the CCL4 gene may help to predict breast cancer progression and metastasis.