Abstract
The incompressibility of the lipid bilayer keeps the total surface area of the red cell membrane constant. Local conservation of membrane surface area requires that each surface element of the membrane skeleton keeps its area when its aspect ratio is changed. A change in area would require a flow of lipids past the intrinsic proteins to which the skeleton is anchored. in fast red cell deformations, there is no time for such a flow. Consequently, the bilayer provides for local area conservation. In quasistatic deformations, the extent of local change in surface area is the smaller the larger the isotropic modulus of the skeleton in relation to the shear modulus. Estimates indicate: (a) the velocity of relative flow between lipid and intrinsic proteins is proportional to the gradient in normal tension within the skeleton and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the bilayer; (b) lateral diffusion of lipids is much slower than this flow; (c) membrane tanktreading at frequencies prevailing in vivo as well as the release of a membrane tongue from a micropipette are fast deformations; and (d) the slow phase in micropipette aspiration may be dominated by a local change in skeleton surface.