Abstract
Artificial enzymes hold the potential to catalyze valuable reactions not observed in nature. One approach to build artificial enzymes introduces mutations into an existing protein scaffold to enable a new catalytic activity. This process commonly results in a simultaneous reduction of protein stability as an undesired side effect. While protein stability can be increased through techniques like directed evolution, care needs to be taken that added stability, conversely, does not sacrifice the desired activity of the enzyme. Ideally, enzymatic activity and protein stability are engineered simultaneously to ensure that stable enzymes with the desired catalytic properties are isolated. Here, we present the use of the in vitro selection technique mRNA display to isolate enzymes with improved stability and activity in a single step. Starting with a library of artificial RNA ligase enzymes that were previously isolated at ambient temperature and were therefore mostly mesophilic, we selected for thermostable active enzyme variants by performing the selection step at 65 °C. The most efficient enzyme, ligase 10 C, was not only active at 65 °C, but was also an order of magnitude more active at room temperature compared to related enzymes previously isolated at ambient temperature. Concurrently, the melting temperature of ligase 10 C increased by 35 degrees compared to these related enzymes. While low stability and solubility of the previously selected enzymes prevented a structural characterization, the improved properties of the heat-stable ligase 10 C finally allowed us to solve the three-dimensional structure by NMR. This artificial enzyme adopted an entirely novel fold that has not been seen in nature, which was published elsewhere. These results highlight the versatility of the in vitro selection technique mRNA display as a powerful method for the isolation of thermostable novel enzymes.