Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In Pakistan, there is high incidence of congenital and hereditary anomalies (CA) which are a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity. In order to elucidate the burden and biodemographic correlates of CA, this study was aimed to report the prevalence-pattern and phenotypic attributes of CA in the Hazara population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. METHODS: In a retrospective cross-sectional study, subjects/families with CA were recruited from district hospitals and community centers. Phenotypic and descriptive data were obtained; pedigrees were analyzed and parental and biodemographic attributes were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 1,189 independent subjects and/or families with CA were ascertained. The malformations were grouped into nine major and 95 minor categories. Neurological disorder had the highest representation (n=486; proportion=0.409; 95% CI=0.381-0.437), followed by limb defects (n=292; proportion=0.246, 95% CI=0.221-0.270), musculoskeletal defects, sensorineural/ear defects, blood disorders, eye/visual impairments, ectodermal anomalies, and congenital heart defects. In this cohort, sporadic cases were 65% and familial 35%. Parental consanguinity was significantly higher in isolated cases compared to syndromic, and in familial cases compared to sporadic. Further, speech apraxia and epilepsy were most common associations among the syndromic cases. The assessment of variables like demography, parental consanguinity, familial/sporadic nature, and pedigree structures showed conspicuous heterogeneity among the major and minor categories of CA. CONCLUSIONS: The trend of CA and high incidence of sporadic cases observed in this cohort indicate that nongenetic factors may play a significant role in their etiology which could be minimized by improving the healthcare system.