Abstract
BACKGROUND: The assessment of tumor size by RECIST using CT scans and MRIs is considered to be standard of care for staging cancer patients. Despite radiologic evidence of widespread disease, we document for the first time that patients were completely free of viable tumor. CASE PRESENTATION: Two patients with metastatic melanoma were treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ipilimumab/ nivolumab) and progressive metastases were detected on CT-scans performed shortly before histologic examinations. In both patients histologic assessment revealed a complete response with necrotic and scarred lesions free of tumor. One of the patients had started immunotherapy 20 months before with an initial partial response. CONCLUSIONS: This phenomenon of a concealed complete response can lead to overtreatment or unnecessary change in treatment. Thus, it is essential to raise awareness for it. Correct identification of responders to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is crucial to spare patients immune-mediated side effects and unnecessary as well as expensive treatment. Regression of metastases without decline in size, in these cases manifesting as complete responses, are probably more common than expected and identified to date. Until such responses can be readily identified by new imaging techniques, we recommend liberal biopsies for histologic assessment of progressive metastases in patients during and/or after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.