Abstract
BACKGROUND: Testicular germ cell tumours (GCTs) are the most frequent solid malignancy in younger males aged 15-40. The differentiation between seminomas and non-seminomas impacts prognosis, clinical management and follow-up procedures. With stage- and risk-adapted multimodal treatment approaches, GCTs have an exceptionally good prognosis. Therefore, avoiding overtreatment to reduce treatment-related long-term side effects is of utmost importance. Clinical and histopathological risk factors aid in treatment decision-making. OBJECTIVES: Discussion of (histo-)pathological characteristics that directly influence treatment decision-making by urologists and oncologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Non-systematic literature review to describe histopathological features for interdisciplinary treatment planning. RESULTS: Key histopathological characteristics for clinicians are: (i) identification of a GCT, if necessary by 12p aberration analysis, (ii) description of the different subtypes, and (iii) risk factors, including lymphovascular invasion and/or rete testis infiltration and size of the primary tumour. Molecular pathological analyses, that is, genomic sequencing, is not part of routine diagnostics due to the lack of prognostic/predictive markers and effective targeted treatment approaches. DISCUSSION: Detailed histopathology reporting, ideally with a synoptic template, is the basis for planning and conducting guideline-endorsed, risk-adapted, multi-disciplinary management of GCTs. Along with radiographic imaging and assessment of the serum tumour markers AFP and β‑HCG (especially in non-seminomas), histopathology is crucial to maintain success and reduce the burden of GCT treatment.