Abstract
Seeds provide 70% of the global food supply, making them crucial for food security. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing seed development, dormancy, and germination has become increasingly urgent as climate change impacts crop productivity. Over the past 3 years, omics technologies have transformed our understanding of seed biology through comprehensive molecular profiling at unprecedented resolution. This review synthesizes recent advances in seed biology enabled by cutting-edge omics applications in Arabidopsis and crops. We examine how the integration of epigenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analysis has enabled reconstruction of the complex regulatory networks controlling seed development, dormancy, and germination. The recent emergence of single-cell and spatial technologies has been revolutionary, uncovering previously unknown cell types and tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms. Key discoveries include the identification of critical phosphorylation networks, metabolic transitions, and hormone signalling activity in seeds. Advanced genomic approaches have provided insights into crop domestication and trait control, while proteomics and metabolomics have been used to characterize essential regulatory modules controlling dormancy release and germination. These findings provide valuable molecular frameworks for developing climate-resilient crops and enhanced seed vigour through targeted genetic improvements, as well as optimized agricultural practices for ensuring global food security.