Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are prone to senescence, which limits the scope of their use in tissue engineering and regeneration and increases the likelihood of post-implantation failure. As a robust alternative cell source, fetal stem cells can prevent an immune reaction and senescence. However, few studies use this cell type. In this study, we sought to characterize fetal cells' regenerative potential in hypoxic conditions. Specifically, we examined whether hypoxic exposure during the expansion and differentiation phases would affect human fetal nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) and fetal synovium-derived stem cell (SDSC) plasticity and three-lineage differentiation potential. We concluded that fetal NPCs represent the most promising cell source for chondrogenic differentiation, as they are more responsive and display stronger phenotypic stability, particularly when expanded and differentiated in hypoxic conditions. Fetal SDSCs have less potential for chondrogenic differentiation compared to their adult counterpart. This study also indicated that fetal SDSCs exhibit a discrepancy in adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in response to hypoxia.