Abstract
BACKGROUND: The D typing strategies in several European countries protect carriers of D category VI (DVI) from anti-D immunization but not carriers of other partial D. Besides DVI, one of the clinically most important partial D is D category IV (DIV). A detailed description and direct comparison of the different DIV types was missing. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RHD nucleotide sequences were determined from genomic DNA. D epitope patterns were established with commercial monoclonal anti-D panels. RESULTS: DIV comprises several variants of the D antigen with distinct serology, molecular structures, evolutionary origins, and ethnic prevalences. The DIV phenotype is determined by 350H shared by all, but not limited to, DIV variants which are further divided into DIVa and DIVb. The DIVa phenotype is expressed by DIV Type 1.0 harboring 350H and the dispersed amino acids 62F, 137V, and 152T. The DIVb phenotype is expressed by DIV Type 3 to Type 5 representing RHD-CE-D hybrids. Four of the six postulated DIV variants were encountered among 23 DIV samples analyzed. Of 12 DIV carriers with anti-D, 10 were female and seven likely immunized by pregnancy. Two DIV-related alleles are newly described: DWN, which differs from DIV Type 4 by 350D and epitope pattern. DNT carries 152T, known to cause a large D antigen density. CONCLUSION: DIV alleles arose from at least two independent evolutionary events. DIV Type 1.0 with DIVa phenotype belongs to the oldest extant human RHD alleles. DIV Type 2 to Type 5 with DIVb phenotype arose from more recent gene conversions. Anti-D immunization, especially dreaded in pregnancies, will be avoided not only in carriers of DVI but also in carriers of other D variants like DIV, if our proposed D typing strategy is adopted.