Abstract
Recent discoveries in the field of stem cell biology have enabled scientists to "reprogram" cells from one type to another. For example, it is now possible to place adult skin or blood cells in a dish and convert them into neurons, liver, or heart cells. It is also possible to literally "rejuvenate" adult cells by reprogramming them into embryonic-like stem cells, which in turn can be differentiated into every tissue and cell type of the human body. Our ability to reprogram cell types has four main implications for medicine: (1) scientists can now take skin or blood cells from patients and convert them to other cells to study disease processes. This disease modeling approach has the advantage over animal models because it is directly based on human patient cells. (2) Reprogramming could also be used as a "clinical trial in a dish" to evaluate the general efficacy and safety of newly developed drugs on human patient cells before they would be tested in animal models or people. (3) In addition, many drugs have deleterious side effects like heart arrhythmias in only a small and unpredictable subpopulation of patients. Reprogramming could facilitate precision medicine by testing the safety of already approved drugs first on reprogrammed patient cells in a personalized manner prior to administration. For example, drugs known to sometimes cause arrhythmias could be first tested on reprogrammed heart cells from individual patients. (4) Finally, reprogramming allows the generation of new tissues that could be grafted therapeutically to regenerate lost or damaged cells.