Abstract
The current human reference genome (GRCh38), with its superior quality, has contributed significantly to genome analysis. However, GRCh38 may still underrepresent the ethnic genome, specifically for Asians, though exactly what we are missing is still elusive. Here, we juxtaposed GRCh38 with a high-contiguity genome assembly of one Korean (AK1) to show that a part of AK1 genome is missing in GRCh38 and that the missing regions harbored ~1390 putative coding elements. Furthermore, we found that multiple populations shared some certain parts in the missing genome when we analyzed the "unmapped" (to GRCh38) reads of fourteen individuals (five East-Asians, four Europeans, and five Africans), amounting to ~5.3 Mb (~0.2% of AK1) of the total genomic regions. The recovered AK1 regions from the "unmapped reads", which were the estimated missing regions that did not exist in GRCh38, harbored candidate coding elements. We verified that most of the common (shared by ≥7 individuals) missing regions exist in human and chimpanzee DNA. Moreover, we further identified the occurrence mechanism and ethnic heterogeneity as well as the presence of the common missing regions. This study illuminates a potential advantage of using a pangenome reference and brings up the need for further investigations on the various features of regions globally missed in GRCh38.