Abstract
Fimbristylis littoralis, also known as globe fringerush, is one of the most troublesome annual Cyperaceae weeds in dryland fields and nurseries in the Yangtze Plain, Middle and Lower in China. The chloroplast (cp) genome of F. littoralis, and even this genus, has not been studied yet. In this study, the feature of the cp genome of F. littoralis and its phylogenetic relationships has been reported for the first time. It exhibited a typical circular tetramerous structure, with 86 protein-encoding genes. There were 149 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 1932 long repeats (LRs) detected. The IR expansion and contraction revealed the uniqueness of F. littoralis because there is a special cross-boundary gene, rps3, located at the LSC/IRb junction. Phylogenetic and divergence time dating analysis showed the close relationship between F. littoralis and the genus Cyperus, as well as many evolutionary directions of Cyperaceae family plants. The most recommended chemical method for removing this weed from nurseries is to spray 13 g ai ha(-1) (the amount of active ingredient applied per hectare) of saflufenacil before emergence or 7.5 g ai ha(-1) of halosulfuron-methyl after emergence. In conclusion, this study was the first to report the complete cp genome of a plant in the genus Fimbristylis. Our findings also provided valuable biological information for studying the phylogenetic relationships and evolution among the family Cyperaceae.