Abstract
Recent advancements in molecular engineering have established RNA-based technologies as powerful tools for both fundamental research and translational applications. Among the various RNA-based technologies developed, RNA base editing has recently emerged as a groundbreaking advancement. It primarily involves the conversion of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) and cytidine (C) to uridine (U), which are mediated by ADAR and APOBEC enzymes, respectively. RNA base editing has been applied in both biological research and therapeutic contexts. It enables site-directed editing within target transcripts, offering reversible, dose-dependent effects, in contrast to the permanent or heritable changes associated with DNA base editing. Additionally, RNA editing-based profiling of RNA-binding protein (RBP) binding sites facilitates transcriptome-wide mapping of RBP-RNA interactions in specific tissues and at the single-cell level. Furthermore, RNA editing-based sensors have been utilized to express effector proteins in response to specific RNA species. As RNA base editing technologies continue to evolve, we anticipate that they will significantly drive advancements in RNA therapeutics, synthetic biology, and biological research.