Abstract
Port-wine stains (PWS) are capillary vascular anomalies that are often treated with pulsed-dye laser (PDL). Revascularization limits persistent clearance; however, the anti-angiogenic effects of sirolimus (SIRO) may inhibit revascularization. This review aims to determine differences in PWS outcomes when treated with PDL monotherapy or in combination with SIRO. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The following search terms were used: 'port wine stain PDL SIRO', 'port wine stain PDL', and 'port wine stain PDL and topical treatment' with (MeSH) and (Title/Abstract) limits. The search was limited to the English language and human-subject studies conducted between 1 January 2000 and 1 June 2023. Inclusion criteria included studies evaluating SIRO as an adjunct to PDL in patients with PWS. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. A total of nine studies met the inclusion criteria, which included randomized controlled trials (3), case series (2), case reports (3), and a prospective intrapatient study (1), which represented a total of 58 patients. Five studies showed improvement of a measured post-treatment PDL parameter including shortening treatment time and less frequent dosing. A subset of studies (4/9) which did not demonstrate significant clinical improvements exhibited significant photographic evidence of improvement. Heterogeneity among the studies highlights the need for further research and standardization. While adjunctive SIRO shows promise, larger studies and comprehensive evaluation methods are required to establish conclusive safety and efficacy guidelines to shape clinical decision-making.