Abstract
Cell-based therapy has emerged to be a promising strategy for alleviating the heavy burden of ischemic cardiovascular disease for nearly two decades, despite a variety of pending questions about its availability and efficacy. One question is whether and how the cells behave for regeneration in vivo, which could be limited or potentiated by the inflammatory microenvironment following myocardial infarction or critical limb ischemia. To this end, we hypothesize that the "adaptive inflammatory microenvironment" is pertinent to the cell-based regeneration, and make a brief comment on it based upon recent evidence.