Abstract
Villin is an F-actin regulating, modular protein with a gelsolin-like core and a distinct C-terminal "headpiece" domain. Localized in the microvilli of the absorptive epithelium, villin can bundle F-actin and, at higher calcium concentrations, is capable of a gelsolin-like F-actin severing. The headpiece domain can, in isolation, bind F-actin and is crucial for F-actin bundling by villin. While the three-dimensional structure of the isolated headpiece is known, its conformation in the context of attachment to the villin core remains unexplored. Furthermore, the dynamics of the linkage of the headpiece to the core has not been determined. To address these issues, we employ a 208-residue modular fragment of villin, D6-HP, which consists of the sixth gelsolin-like domain of villin (D6) and the headpiece (HP). We demonstrate that this protein fragment requires calcium for structural stability and, surprisingly, is capable of Ca2+-dependent F-actin bundling, suggesting that D6 contains a cryptic F-actin binding site. NMR resonance assignments and 15N relaxation measurements of D6-HP in 5 mM Ca2+ demonstrate that D6-HP consists of two independent structural domains (D6 and HP) connected by an unfolded 40-residue linker sequence. The headpiece domain in D6-HP retains its structure and interacts with D6 only through the linker sequence without engaging in other interactions. Chemical shift values indicate essentially the same secondary structure elements for D6 in D6-HP as in the highly homologous gelsolin domain 6. Thus, the headpiece domain of villin is structurally and functionally independent of the core domain.