Abstract
Despite major improvements in treatment outcome with novel targeted therapies, such as the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable in the majority of patients. Activation of PI3K, NF-κB, and/or MYC has been linked to residual disease and/or resistance in ibrutinib-treated patients. These pathways can be targeted by inhibitors of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins. Here we report about the preclinical activity of GS-5829, a novel BET inhibitor, in CLL. GS-5829 inhibited CLL cell proliferation and induced leukemia cell apoptosis through deregulation of key signaling pathways, such as BLK, AKT, ERK1/2, and MYC. IκBα modulation indicates that GS-5829 also inhibited NF-κB signaling. GS-5829-induced apoptosis resulted from an imbalance between positive (BIM) and negative regulators (BCL-XL) of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. The antileukemia activity of GS-5829 increased synergistically in combinations with B-cell receptor signaling inhibitors, the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib, the PI3Kδ inhibitor idelalisib, and the SYK inhibitor entospletinib. In cocultures that mimic the lymph node microenvironment, GS-5829 inhibited signaling pathways within nurselike cells and their growth, indicating that BET inhibitors also can target the supportive CLL microenvironment. Collectively, these data provide a rationale for the clinical evaluation of BET inhibitors in CLL.