Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The gut microbiota (GM) was recently recognized to play an important role in modulating systemic immune responses and is known to influence the effects or adverse events of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) or carcinogenesis by crosstalk with regulators of cancer-related immunity, and this relationship is complex and multifactorial. Diversity in the gut microbiome and the abundance of specific bacterial species have been identified to be associated with better response and prognosis. Therefore, the purpose of the current interest in the gut microbiome is to enable modulation of the immune system in donor cancer patients by the administration of specific bacterial species and enabling their dominance. To understand this "terra incognita" is to uncover the role of the mechanisms underlying unknown organ functions, and this knowledge will lead to enhanced immunotherapy for lung cancer patients. METHODS: In this article, we summarized the literature on the relationship between the microbiome and lung cancer and the potential of the microbiome as a therapeutic target. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS: This article is organized into the following sections: introduction, methods, microbiota and cancer development, microbiota and lung cancer treatment, future directions, and conclusion. CONCLUSIONS: The gut microbiome is currently becoming the hallmark of cancer research and has an established and critical role in regulating antitumor immunity and the response to ICB in patients with lung cancers.