Abstract
The gut microbiome has been linked to everything from human behavior to athletic performance to disease pathogenesis. And yet, few universal truths have emerged regarding how the microbiome exerts its effects or responds to the host environment except for one: gut microbiota are exquisitely sensitive to human diets. What we eat from birth onward shapes our gut microbiome composition and function, and this is likely an evolutionarily conserved interaction that benefits the microbe and often the host. However, modern diets and lifestyles have created discordance between our slowly evolving human genome and rapidly adaptable microbiome, and have been implicated in the rise of chronic diseases over the past 75 years. Diet and microbiome interactions have been reviewed extensively, so here we focus on areas of microbiome research that have most illuminated natural and disruptive dietary forces over time in humans, and where we may have opportunities to restore the natural balance of host with microbes in our modern world.