Abstract
Brain inflammation may play an important role in the pathophysiology of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Our aim was to demonstrate brain inflammation development and to determine whether isoflurane, a clinically available volatile anesthetic agent, prevents brain inflammation after SAH. This study used 162 8-week-old male CD-1 mice. We induced SAH with endovascular perforation in mice and randomly assigned animals to sham-operated (n=21), SAH+vehicle-air (n=35) and SAH+2% isoflurane (n=31). In addition to the evaluation of brain injury (neurological scores, brain edema and Evans blue dye extravasation), brain inflammation was evaluated by means of expression changes in markers of inflammatory cells (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1, myeloperoxidase), cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin-1β), adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1, P-selectin), inducers of inflammation (cyclooxygenase-2, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase [p-JNK]) and endothelial cell activation (von Willebrand factor) at 24h post-SAH. Sphingosine kinase inhibitor (N, N-dimethylsphingosine [DMS]) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1/3 antagonist (VPC23019) were used to block isoflurane's effects (n=22, each). SAH caused early brain injury, which was associated with inflammation so that all evaluated markers of inflammation were increased. Isoflurane significantly inhibited both brain injury (P<0.001, respectively) and inflammation (myeloperoxidase, P=0.022; interleukin-1β, P=0.002; TNF-α, P=0.015; P-selectin, P=0.010; ICAM-1, P=0.016; p-JNK, P<0.001; cyclooxygenase-2, P=0.003, respectively). This beneficial effect of isoflurane was abolished with DMS and VPC23019. Isoflurane may suppress post-SAH brain inflammation possibly via the sphingosine-related pathway.