Abstract
Bacteria within mature biofilms are highly resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells. Oxygen limitation contributes to antibiotic resistance in mature biofilms. Nitric oxide (NO) induces biofilm dispersal; however, low NO levels stimulate biofilm formation, an underexplored process. Here, we introduce a mechanism of anaerobic biofilm formation by investigating the antibiofilm activity of tyrosol, a component in wine. Tyrosol inhibits E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by enhancing NO production. YbfA is identified as a target of tyrosol and its downstream targets are sequentially determined. YbfA activates YfeR, which then suppresses the anaerobic regulator FNR. This suppression leads to decreased NO production, elevated bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP levels, and finally stimulates anaerobic biofilm formation in the mature stage. Blocking YbfA with tyrosol treatment renders biofilm cells as susceptible to antibiotics as planktonic cells. Thus, this study presents YbfA as a promising antibiofilm target to address antibiotic resistance posed by biofilm-forming bacteria, with tyrosol acting as an inhibitor.