Abstract
A number of NMR spectroscopic and microscopic MRI (microMRI) techniques were used to study proton dynamics in canine tendon and articular cartilage immersed in normal saline solution (NaCl solution) and high-concentration phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. In a proton CPMG experiment on tendons, the T(2) relaxation of the tissue was found to be anisotropic and had two populations. When immersed in saline, the T(2) values were short and their relative populations were anisotropic. When immersed in PBS, the T(2) values increased and their relative populations became isotropic. These phenomena, also verified by proton double-quantum-filtered (DQF) NMR spectroscopy, were interpreted as the catalyzing effect of phosphate ions on proton exchange between water molecules. In the experiment on articular cartilage, the immersion of cartilage-bone blocks in PBS resulted in a significant reduction in the laminar appearance of cartilage on MRI (the magic angle effect). The quantitative T(2) anisotropy by microMRI at 13 microm pixel resolution and DQF NMR spectroscopy confirmed the substantial effect of PBS on the water dynamics in cartilage tissue blocks. This preliminary study has two important implications. For in vitro cartilage research, this work confirms the importance of the salt solution in which the specimen is stored - not all salts have the same effect on the measurable quantities in NMR and MRI. For in vivo cartilage diagnosis, especially using whole-body MRI scanners, this work suggests the possibility of using a suitable electrolyte as a novel contrast agent to assess the ultrastructural changes in cartilage due to tissue degradation.