Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the exposure to permethrin and cypermethrin of young children aged between 2 and 5 years in Nakhon Pathom and Sing Buri provinces, Thailand. A questionnaire that included general demographic information, household characteristics, insecticide usage and exposure-related behavior in children was used to interview parents or family caregivers. Permethrin and cypermethrin concentrations on floor surfaces and children's hands, as well as their urinary metabolites, were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The results showed that permethrin and cypermethrin were detected in 62% and 83% of the children's hand wipe samples, with geometric mean (GM) levels of 0.02 µg and 0.04 µg, respectively. Permethrin and cypermethrin were detected in 79% and 93% of floor surface wipe samples, with GM levels of 0.90 µg/m2, and 1.49 µg/m2, respectively. For children's urine, the GM concentrations of cis- and trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, and total pyrethroid metabolites were 0.84, 0.31 and 1.23 nmol/g creatinine, respectively. This study found that household insecticide product usage and having a tile floor were associated with increased permethrin concentrations on the children's hands and floor surfaces. However, cypermethrin concentrations on floor surfaces were significantly higher in families using aerosol insecticide sprays and insecticide products in the living room and bedroom. The predictors of the total pyrethroid, DCCA and 3-PBA metabolites are permethrin on children's hands or floor surfaces and cypermethrin on floor surfaces.