Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking (CS)-related monocytosis contributes to the development of chronic lung injuries via complex mechanisms. We aim to determine correlations between measures of CS and monocytes, their capacities to predict chronic lung diseases, and their associations with mortality. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study of patients undergoing surgical resection for suspected lung nodules/masses was performed. CS was quantified as cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), duration of smoking, composite pack years (CPY), current smoking status, and smoking cessation years. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of 382 eligible patients, 88% were ever smokers. In this group, 45% were current smokers with mean CPD of 27.2±40.0. CPY and duration of smoking showed positive linear correlations with percentage monocyte count. Physiologically, CPY was associated with progressive obstruction, hyperinflation, and reduced diffusion capacity (DL(CO)). Across the quartiles of smoking, there was an accumulation of radiologic and histologic abnormalities. Anthracosis and emphysema were associated with CPD, while lung cancer, respiratory bronchiolitis (RB), emphysema, and honeycombing were statistically related to duration of smoking. Analysis using consecutive CPY showed associations with lung cancer (≥10 and <30), fibrosis (≥20 and <40), RB (≥50), anthracosis and emphysema (≥10 and onwards). Percentage monocytes correlated with organizing pneumonia (OP), fibrosis, and emphysema. The greater CPY increased mortality across the groups. Significant predictors of mortality included percentage monocyte, anemia, GERD, and reduced DL(CO). CONCLUSION: Indices of CS and greater monocyte numbers were associated with endpoints of chronic lung disease suggesting a participation in pathogenesis. Application of these easily available metrics may support a chronology of CS-induced chronic lung injuries. While a relative lesser amount of smoking can be associated with lung cancer and fibrosis, greater CPY increases the risk for emphysema. Monocytosis predicted lung fibrosis and mortality. Duration of smoking may serve as a better marker of monocytosis and associated chronic lung diseases.