Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Individuals with diabetes have higher risk of developing depression, cognitive impairment, and dementia compared to those who do not have diabetes. The present study aims to assess the level of cognitive functions and the presence of depression in diabetes patients and healthy controls. The study also explores the level of cognition among the normal control, diabetes without depression, and diabetes with depression. METHODS: In the present study, the presence of depression and the level of cognitive functions of 59 cases of diabetes mellitus type-2 were compared with an age- and gender-matched control group of 40 individuals. Clinical and demographic details were recorded on a semi-structured performa. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were applied to both diabetes patients and healthy controls to assess the level of cognitive functions and the presence of depression, respectively. RESULTS: On applying odds ratio (OR), it was observed in the present study that there were 93.50% more chances [OR 1.935 with 95% confidence interval (CI) being 0.481-7.789] of depression among diabetic cases as compared to the control group. Similarly, the chance of MoCA score being less than 26 was twice among the diabetic group as compared to the control group (OR 2.208 with 95% CI being 0.702-6.946). On application of the Chi-square test, the association of depression was significant with HBA1C level, level of education, and presence of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diabetes had almost double the risk of developing depression and poor cognitive functions as compared to the healthy control. High HbA1C level, level of education, and presence of complication in diabetes had a positive statistical association with depression. Thus, it is advisable to investigate patients with diabetes for the presence of depression and cognitive dysfunction by applying simple tools.