Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most prevalent opportunistic infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Prophylaxis and preemptive therapy have demonstrated promise in reducing the incidence of CMV infection and CMV disease, but the management of refractory/resistant (R/R) CMV infections after HSCT remains a challenge that significantly affects the prognosis of patients undergoing HSCT. Intolerance and resistance to antivirals are the primary reasons for developing refractory CMV infections. CMV DNA quantification PCR combined with CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity monitoring may help to optimize diagnosis and enable personalized management of R/R CMV infection. Novel antiviral drugs and other immunotherapies, including intravenous immunoglobulin and adoptive CMV T cell therapy, constitute an appealing option.