Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the main fixation methods for proximal tibial extra-articular fractures based on clinical and biomechanical results, and to provide evidence for clinical application. METHODS: Extensive related literature at home and abroad was conducted in recent years, and external fixation systems such as external fixation braces and external locking plates, as well as internal fixation systems such as plates and intramedullary nails, were systematically reviewed regarding their application indications, clinical efficacy, and biomechanical results in proximal tibial extra-articular fractures. RESULTS: External fixation systems have advantages in fractures with open or severe soft tissue injury, facilitating wound management and maintaining stability of the fracture site to some extent. However, in proximal tibial extra-articular fractures with good soft tissue conditions, internal fixation systems such as plates and intramedullary nails are still the first choice. Some studies have found that intramedullary nails allow patients to bear weight early, with shorter fracture healing time and higher rate of malunion, while other studies have found that both intramedullary nails and plates have similar clinical efficacy and can achieve satisfactory treatment results. CONCLUSION: The choice of fixation method for proximal tibial extra-articular fractures depends not only on the type of fracture, but also on the surgeon's habits and operational skills. Larger-scale studies are still needed to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of intramedullary nails and locking plates in the treatment of proximal tibial extra-articular fractures.