Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become one of the major public health problems worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality. Up until now, COPD is still under-diagnosed and under-treated, especially for mild or moderate patients. It is widely accepted that the majority of patients with COPD are in the early stages, yet this subpopulation is underestimated. In recent years, growing evidence indicates that substantial physiological and clinical abnormalities exist in patients with mild COPD compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that pharmacologic intervention in early COPD has the potential to alter clinical outcomes. The main objective of this review is to summarize recent research regarding the heterogeneous pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of mild and moderate COPD. We also discuss promising markers of disease progression, which may contribute to the development of precision medicine in early COPD.