Aim
Glioblastomas (GBM) are infiltrative malignant brain tumors which mostly recur within a year's time following surgical resection and chemo-radiation therapy. Studies on glioblastoma cells following radio-chemotherapy, have been demonstrated to induce trans-differentiation, cellular plasticity, activation of DNA damage response and stemness. As glioblastomas are heterogenous tumors that develop treatment resistance and plasticity, we investigated if there exist genome-wide DNA methylation changes in recurrent tumors. Materials and
Conclusion
We report genome-wide DNA methylation changes in recurrent GBM and suggest involvement of the TEM8 gene in GBM recurrence and progression.
Methods
Utilizing genome-wide DNA methylation arrays, we compared the DNA methylation profile of 11 primary (first occurrence) tumors with 13 recurrent (relapsed) GBM, to delineate the contribution of epigenetic changes associated with therapy exposure, therapy resistance, and relapse of disease.
Results
Our data revealed 1,224 hypermethylated- and 526 hypomethylated-probes in recurrent glioblastomas compared to primary disease. We found differential methylation of solute carrier and ion channel genes, interleukin receptor/ligand genes, tumor-suppressor genes and genes associated with metastasis. We functionally characterized one such hypomethylated-up-regulated gene, namely anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8 (ANTXR1/TEM8), whose expression was validated to be significantly up-regulated in recurrent glioblastomas compared to primary tumors and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Using overexpression and knockdown approaches, we showed that TEM8 induces proliferation, invasion, migration, and chemo-radioresistance in glioblastoma cells. Additionally, we demonstrated a novel mechanism of β-catenin stabilization and activation of the β-catenin transcriptional program due to TEM8 overexpression via a Src/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway.