Abstract
BACKGROUND: Obesity is an uncontrolled global epidemic and one of the leading global public health challenges. Maternal exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) may adversely program offspring's adiposity, suggesting a specialized role of PM(2.5) pollution in the global obesity epidemic. However, the vulnerable window for this adverse programming and how it is cross-generationally transmitted have not been determined. Therefore, in the present study, female C57Bl/6 J mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or concentrated ambient PM(2.5) (CAP) during different periods, and the development and adulthood adiposity of their four-generational offspring were assessed. RESULTS: Our data show that the pre-conceptional but not gestational exposure to CAP was sufficient to cause male but not female offspring's low birth weight, accelerated postnatal weight gain, and increased adulthood adiposity. These adverse developmental traits were transmitted into the F(2) offspring born by the female but not male F(1) offspring of CAP-exposed dams. In contrast, no adverse development was noted in the F(3) offspring. CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified a pre-conceptional window for the adverse programming of adiposity by maternal exposure to PM(2.5), and showed that it was maternally transmitted into the third generation. These data not only call special attention to the protection of women from exposure to PM(2.5), but also may facilitate the development of intervention to prevent this adverse programming.