Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the survival and risk factors associated with the surgical treatment of ventricular septal rupture (VSR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 45 consecutive patients with VSR after AMI whose procedures were performed in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command between January 2012 and December 2021. Relevant clinical data, surgery-related conditions, and follow-up data of all patients were summarized. Patients were divided into the survival group and the death group. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to determine the cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The average postoperative follow-up time was 42.1 ± 34.1 months. The overall mortality rate was 20% (9/45 patients) and the operative mortality rate was 8.9% (4/45 patients). Logistic analysis showed that the death group had higher serum creatinine (127.32 ± 47.82 vs. 82.61 ± 27.80 μmol/L, respectively; P = 0.0238) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) [8,654.00 pg/mL (6,197.00-11,949.00 pg/mL) vs. 4,268.96 pg/mL (1,800.00-7,894.00 pg/mL), respectively; P = 0.0134] levels than the survival group. The cardiopulmonary bypass time (CPB) was longer in the death group than in the survival group [131.00 min (121.00-184.00 min) vs. 119.00 min (103.00-151.50 min), respectively; P = 0.0454]. Significantly more red blood cells were transfused in the death group than in the survival group [11.60 units (6.10-16.50) vs. 3.75 units (0.00-7.00 units), respectively; P = 0.0025]. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) implantation (P = 0.016) and ventilation time (P = 0.0022) were risk factors for mortality. A 1-month landmark analysis showed that compared with patients with VSR to surgical time >14 days, patients who underwent surgery within 14 days had a higher rate of all-cause mortality (25.00 vs. 3.33%; log-rank P = 0.023). Patients with VSR within 14 days also had a higher rate of residual shunts that were higher than moderate. Multivariate analysis showed that transfusion of red blood cells and NT-proBNP level were risk factors for all-cause mortality, as well as major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical repair resulted in good outcomes for patients with VSR after AMI. Patients with VSR to surgical time >14 days had a lower rate of all-cause mortality. Treatment strategies for VSR should be based on the patient's condition and comprehensively determined through real-time evaluation and monitoring.