Abstract
BACKGROUND: Working memory (WM) deficits are among the most prominent cognitive impairments in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While functional connectivity is a prevailing approach in brain imaging of ADHD, alterations in WM-related functional brain networks and their malleability by cognitive training are not well known. We examined whole-brain functional connectivity differences between adults with and without ADHD during n-back WM tasks and rest at pretest, as well as the effects of WM training on functional and structural brain connectivity in the ADHD group. METHODS: Forty-two adults with ADHD and 36 neurotypical controls performed visuospatial and verbal n-back tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition, seven-minute resting state fMRI data and diffusion-weighted MR images were collected from all participants. The adults with ADHD continued into a 5-week randomized controlled WM training trial (experimental group training on a dual n-back task, n = 21; active control group training on Bejeweled II video game, n = 21), followed by a posttraining MRI. Brain connectivity was examined with Network-Based Statistic. RESULTS: At the pretest, adults with ADHD had decreased functional connectivity compared with the neurotypical controls during both n-back tasks in networks encompassing fronto-parietal, temporal, occipital, cerebellar, and subcortical brain regions. Furthermore, WM-related connectivity in widespread networks was associated with performance accuracy in a continuous performance test. Regarding resting state connectivity, no group differences or associations with task performance were observed. WM training did not modulate functional or structural connectivity compared with the active controls. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate large-scale abnormalities in functional brain networks underlying deficits in verbal and visuospatial WM commonly faced in ADHD. Training-induced plasticity in these networks may be limited.