Abstract
Purely diffusive O(2) transport typically is insufficient to sustain aerobic metabolism in most multicellular organisms. In animals that are small enough, however, a high surface-to-volume ratio may allow passive diffusion alone to supply sufficient O(2) transfer. The purpose of this study was to explore the impacts of internal convection on respiratory gas transfer in a small complex organism, the larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that internal convection is required for the normal transfer of the respiratory gases O(2) and CO(2) and maintenance of resting aerobic metabolic rate in larvae at 4 days postfertilization (dpf). Morpholino knockdown of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) proteins allowed an examination of gas transfer in two independent models lacking internal convection. With the use of a scanning micro-optrode technique to measure regional epithelial O(2) fluxes ( Jo(2)), it was demonstrated that larvae lacking convection exhibited reduced Jo(2) in regions spanning the head to the trunk. Moreover, the acute loss of internal convection caused by heart stoppage resulted in reduced rates of cutaneous Jo(2), an effect that was reversed upon the restoration of internal convection. With the use of whole body respirometry, it was shown that loss of internal convection was associated with reduced resting rates of O(2) consumption and CO(2) excretion in larvae at 4 dpf. The results of these experiments clearly demonstrate that internal convection is required to maintain resting rates of respiratory gas transfer in larval zebrafish.