Abstract
The identification of ancestral admixture proportions for human DNA samples has recently had success in forensic cases. Current methods infer admixture proportions for the target sample, but not for their parents, which provides an additional layer of information that may aid certain forensic investigations. We describe new maximum likelihood methods (LEAPFrOG and LEAPFrOG Expectation Maximisation), for inferring both an individual's admixture proportions and the admixture proportions possessed by the unobserved parents, with respect to two or more source populations, using single-nucleotide polymorphism data typed only in the target individual. This is achieved by examining the increase in heterozygosity in the offspring of parents who are from different populations or who represent different mixtures from a number of source populations. We validated the methods via simulation; combining chromosomes from different Hapmap Phase III population samples to emulate first-generation admixture. Performance was strong for individuals with mixed African/European (YRI/CEU) ancestry, but poor for mixed Japanese/Chinese (JPT/CHB) ancestry, reflecting the difficulty in distinguishing closely related source populations. A total of 11 African-American trios were used to compare the parental admixture inferred from their own genotypes against that inferred purely from their offspring genotypes. We examined the performance of 34 ancestry informative markers from a multiplex kit for ancestry inference. Simulations showed that estimates were unreliable when parents had similar admixture, suggesting more markers are needed. Our results demonstrate that ancestral backgrounds of case samples and their parents are obtainable to aid in forensic investigations, provided that high-throughput methods are adopted by the forensic community.