Abstract
The propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from domestic livestock manure is an unnegligible important environmental problem. There is an increasing need to understand the role of domestic livestock manure in causing antibiotic resistance in the environment to minimize risks to human health. Here, we targeted β-lactam resistance genes (bla genes), primarily discovered in clinical settings, to compare the high-risk ARG profile and their main spreading vectors of 26 family livestock farms in China and analyze the effects of domestic livestock manure on their receiving farmland environments. Results showed that the high-risk bla genes and their spreading carriers were widely prevalent in livestock and poultry manure from family farms. The bla(ampC) gene encoding extended-spectrum AmpC β-lactamases, as well as its corresponding spreading carrier (class-1 integron), had the highest occurrence level. The bla gene abundance in family chicken farms was higher than that in family swine and cattle farms, while the bla gene contamination in the feces of laying hens or beef cattle was worse than that in corresponding broiler chickens or dairy cattle. Notably, the application from domestic livestock manure led to substantial emission of bla genes, which significantly increased the abundance of high-risk resistance genes in farmland soil by 12-46 times. This study demonstrated the prevalence and severity of high-risk resistance genes in domestic livestock and poultry manure; meanwhile, the discharge of bla genes also highlighted the need to mitigate the persistence and spread of these elevated high-risk genes in agricultural systems.