Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Activation of δ opioid (DOP) receptors regulates pain and emotional responses, and also displays ligand-biased agonism. KNT-127 (1,2,3,4,4a,5,12,12a-octahydro-2-methyl-4aβ,1β-([1,2]benzenomethano)-2,6-diazanaphthacene-12aβ,17-diol) is a novel DOP receptor agonist inducing analgesia and antidepressant effects in mice. Here, we have assessed KNT-127 for (i) analgesia against chronic inflammatory pain; (ii) effects on depression, locomotion and DOP receptor internalization; and (iii) for cross-tolerance to analgesic and antidepressant effects of acute treatment by other DOP receptor agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Inflammatory pain was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant injection into tail or hindpaw, and thermal and mechanical sensitivities were determined in mice. Locomotor and antidepressant-like effects were measured using actimetry and forced swim test respectively. In vivo KNT-127 selectivity and internalization were assessed using DOP receptor knockout mice and knock-in mice expressing fluorescent-tagged DOP receptors. KNT-127 was injected acutely at 0.1-10.0 mg·kg(-1) or administered chronically at 5 mg·kg(-1) daily over 5 days. KEY RESULTS: Acute treatment with KNT-127 reversed inflammatory hyperalgesia, produced an antidepressant-like effect but induced neither hyperlocomotion nor receptor sequestration. Chronic treatment with KNT-127 induced tolerance and cross-tolerance to SNC80-induced analgesia, but no tolerance to SNC80-evoked hyperlocomotor or antidepressant-like effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The DOP receptor agonist KNT-127 induced agonist-specific acute and chronic responses, at both behavioural and cellular levels. It displays activities similar to the other recently reported DOP agonists, AR-M1000390, ADL5747 and ADL5859, and differs from SNC80. SNC80 differs from the other DOP receptor agonists including KNT-127, by exhibiting ligand-biased tolerance at this receptor.